Cars and Tuning

The address is the set of mechanisms that are responsible for guiding the wheels guidelines and adapting the layout of the track on which it is moving, as well as to perform various maneuvers that his leadership requires.

SYSTEM OF ADDRESS car

Qualities
Any steering mechanism must be precise and easy to use, and the front wheels tend to return to its central position to complete a curve. Moreover, the leadership should not convey the driver irregularities in the road. To achieve these characteristics should have the following qualities:
Soft and comfortable
The handling of the leadership has to be done without effort, because if the leadership is tough, driving is difficult and tiring, which represents a true danger because of the difficulty representing his drive.
The softness and comfort are achieved through a precise scalability in the system of gear, power steering, as well as a good level of heights and the maintenance of the whole.
Security
The address is one of the main factors active safety. This security depends on the study and construction of the system, the quality of materials used and proper maintenance.

Accuracy
The accuracy is that the leadership will respond accurately depending on the circumstances, and is neither hard nor soft, so that the driver’s maneuvers are transmitted accurately. You do not have to have excessive gaps between the organs of management; the levels of management are to be correct, must be symmetrical wear in the tires, wheels to be well balanced and the tire pressure correct.
Irreversibility
The address must be semirreversible. It consists of the wheel has to transmit movement to the wheels, but they, despite irregularities in the ground, should not convey the oscillations at the wheel. The semirreversibilidad allows the wheels regain their average position with a little effort by the driver after spinning the wheel.
Stable
When circulating in straight, releasing the steering wheel does not deviate from its path of the vehicle.
Progressive
When opening the wheels, to equal the wheel spins, is increasing.
Elements of command
Figure 1 represents the organization of the classic elements of the kinematic chain transmitting the twisting motion of the steering wheel to the wheels, depending on the direction of arrows shown.
All the elements we can classify them into three groups:
Or Volante and tree management.
Or gear box address.
Or levers and rods (timonería) from the address.
The tree by its top leadership, is united behind the wheel, and the bottom into the box on the direction which transforms the circular motion of the steering wheel into linear motion. The box arrives address the movement to anchor coupling through the arm of command, and crank lever attack, the three articulated with each other.

The ends of the front axle end in a “fork” that articulates the pivot (directional axis of the wheels). From the pivot mangueta sale on the crazy spinning wheels in ball bearings or roller.
Of every mangueta and fixed it leaves the docking arm. These arms are united by the bar coupling that goes articulated at the ends of both arms.
• Midfielder and tree address
The steering wheel is the body of command leadership. The design of the steering wheel varies with the manufacturer. Touch and thickness should allow the use comfortable and pleasant. It has to see when the vehicle is travelling in a straight line, the board of the vehicle.

The steering wheel has a central and broad widths for some radios also distribute the burden of the impact across the chest of the driver in the event of an accident.
The tree address, is protected by a box C fixed at one end (bottom) in the gear box address, and by the middle or upper part, in a flange or support it subject to board or body of the vehicle. His upper joins the wheel. The whole tree and box are the steering column.

Some models have an adjustable steering column. The top, which connects the steering wheel, can move telescópicamente and, in some cases, placed at an angle adjusted to the height and position of the driver.
Over recent years there have been numerous tests to protect the driver of injuries that could produce the tree of direction (or the steering wheel) in the event of frontal impact. Tree of direction is designed to prevent these circumstances.
In order to prevent the vibrations of the steering wheel column to be transmitted to the address, sometimes provides the tree of direction into two pieces through a gasket or cardán. Moreover, in case of frontal impact, the yield per tree this board, which protected the driver is steering.
The tree represents the direction (A detail) how is in normal operation and (Detail B), after a frontal impact.

• Fund and gears address
The command of this mechanism runs the driver with the steering wheel, a true body of command, through him, informed the wheels guidelines their orders.
The degree of reduction effort by the driver desmultiplicador effect achieved by the turn of the wheel of leadership, depends on weight, type and use of vehicle. A sports car slight reduction require little, because the driver has to exercise control of the vehicle to correct fast shuffles.
Cars heavy with wide tires will require a large reduction device and some assistance to spin at slow speed.
The mechanism also conveys the address at the wheel of the reaction wheels respect to the road surface. This reaction immediately notifies the driver of changes in the conditions of the floor, but manufacturers have not reached agreement on the degree of reaction to be collected.
The gear box address serves to protect from dust and dirt whole gears, contain oil that is submerged and they serve as a support mechanism to address, at the wheel and arm. This box is attached to the chassis by means of bolts, which ensure their fitting.
• Lever and bars direction
It also called timonería of leadership.
Its mission is to convey to the wheels moving obtained in the gear box address.
The provision of all lever depends on the design used by the manufacturer.
The coupling system can be through bars coupling divided into two or even three sections.
Gears direction
• Overview
The system of gears is mounted at the end of the column address, wrapped in a casing which has lasted almost always in a tube surrounding the column to the steering wheel.
The system must allow a gear change direction easily without turning many turns the wheel. The most common type of gears provide scalability of 11 or 12 to 1 in passenger cars and 18 or more on heavy trucks, which means that you must turn the steering wheel from 2.5 to 3.5 full turns to wheels rotate among its extreme positions.
If transmitting the movement of the steering wheel directly to the wheels, has the disadvantage transmitted (at the wheel) all the shocks produced by the wheels on the road and they tend constantly to print a spin on the wheel. This type of leadership is called reversible.
The direction is irreversible one in which no effort or vibration of the wheels is transmitted to the steering wheel, but has the defect that the driver does not perceive these vibrations in the steering wheel, having demonstrated that it would not be practically in any way and, because of this rigidity, the parts are worn and suffer more.
The current rate is the most common semi-reversible between the two, which tend slightly wheels to turn the vehicle, but not without notice, the driver at the wheel, the effects of irregularities in the terrain.
• Systems gears address
The gear system of management, is the element desmultiplicador turning of the steering wheel and forms a set of gear in a protected casing in turn serves as a union to the rack.
According to the provision, the form and its component elements, there are the types of leadership that are listed below:

• Mechanism endless cylindrical Nut
On the screw auger moves nut, which engages with the inner screw auger. The movement of the nut is transmitted to a lever that is mounted on the nut. This lever in turn is linked to the axis of rotation of the joystick making it rotate to actuate the wheel of the address.

• Mechanism endless gearbox with gear teeth sector
The bottom of the bar or column address ends in a myriad engages a sector where jagged, which has been fixed at its center axis, which goes hand in hand with the arm of command. Turning the wheel, and with it the column address, the sector jagged moves on the “endless” turning its axis forcing oscillate back and forth, the arm of command, being articulated to resiliently crank, print it a longitudinal movement in both directions.

• Mechanism screw auger with finger or cylindrical cam
Also called “lever and cam.” The column address ends in a spindle on which slot can move a finger or cam attached to the end of the lever that moves the arm of command. Moving the steering wheel, the cam moves on the spindle, which travel through the lever produced in the arm command a movement longitudinal front backward.

• Mechanism screw auger with cylindrical nut and ball row
It also called for ball movement. On the screw auger carries a nut and between it and the screw auger a row of balls that travel the propeller cutting inside of the screw and nut.
The carved nut carries a zipper conveying his movement to a sector joined the jagged arm of command.

• Mechanism and roller screw auger globoide
The endless globoide applies when the element of movement moves describing an arc to rotate on its own axis of rotation, as in the system and roller screw. In this system leads column at the bottom of a screw threaded on the wheel, engaged in its striates, a roller which is part of the arm of command, which prints a movement.

• Krmilje by zipper
The system of this direction is characterized by reducing the number of elements and their mechanism desmultiplicador and ease of assembly. Va. coupled directly on the arms of coupling wheels and has a large mechanical performance.

0
It is a procedure to send a transverse direction (0 and 11). The column ends in a pinyon, which turn, moves to the right or left the bar zipper, which moves the two bieletas, bar coupling. The bieletas joined at the ends by bearings with arms coupling desplazándola and guiding wheels, which travel through modification of their pivots.

1
The bar-zipper is articulated on both sides of the bar coupling through the bearings.
Other times, the bars are longer and are articulated together almost to the zipper.
Currently it is used in many models of vehicles with front-wheel drive car because of its precision in the angular displacement of the wheels. It was a great softness in the twists and speedy recovery, making the direction is more secure, stable and comfortable.
Altitudes of address
We understand as levels of address those factors that are involved in obtaining a valid address. The front axle should be studied following a precise geometry that will allow us to meet the essential requirements:
Or Stability.
Conservation or mechanics.
Conservation or tyres.
Moreover, a good geometry of the front axle arrive until obtaining a safe and comfortable direction, as evidenced by:
O The maintenance record straight.
O The insensitivity to external factors (potholes, wind, etc..).
The entrances and exits or easy to curves.
We can say that the leadership must be stable and to achieve this are considered two factors:
The geometry or drawing.
O The geometry of the wheels or geometric dimensions, which are:
O The angle of departure or inclination.
The angle or fall.
The angle or forward.
The heights or conjugate.
Or convergence or divergence (alignment of the wheels).

2
• Geometry drawing
The vehicle when taking a curve, the path ahead for the wheels guidelines is not the same as, each of them has different radius of curvature. Therefore, the guidance given to both wheels are different to prevent one of the wheels is dragged, the effect would occur if the two sides were equal.
For this not to happen, the two wheels must turn concentric, or with the same center of rotation.
The same applies to the rear wheels with respect to the front because, as the entire vehicle must take the same path of the curve, all he has to be the centre of rotation. You have to be complied with the condition that all geometric wheel in any position to have a centre of rotation.
This is achieved by giving the arms of coupling an inclination such that when the vehicle is moving in a straight line, axes extension of the arms coupling match in the center of the rear axle, and when taking a curve, the axes of the wheels match on the same school.

• Geometry of the wheels or geometric heights
The levels of management are the angles:
Or Advance.
Or exit.
Or Fall.
Or Convergence.
Or divergence.
Angle advances

5
The angle of advance is the way that the pivot with the vertical to observe the vehicle longitudinal direction.
The pivot axis is not vertical, is slightly lower end of the vertical advance with an angle which is called progress.
This position of the pivot gives fijeza at. If the angle is small forward, lower because the leadership is “vagabunda.” If it is excessive, the address is hard. If it reverses the value of the angle, it becomes negative (inclination pivot backward) the leadership reacts sharply, it is hard and dangerous.
The effect of this angle is easier exponent in the casters of tea carts, for example, to shoot behind their pivots, continue in the direction that pushes the cart, so that he will always be moved online line, unless it is amended, by the way, their way.
With the angle of progress is achieved:
The address is made or stable.
After taking or a curve, the wheels tend to return to the straight-line position.
In driven vehicles or the value of the angle is between 0 and 4.
In propulsion vehicles or the value of the angle is between 6 and 12.
Departure angle

6
The slope of the pin, not only what is on the longitudinal plane of progress, but also in a transverse plane, ie its lower end is separated out at an angle to the vertical.
The angle of departure also produces some or Self tendency to return to the straight line after a turn. Indeed, the output combined with the progress, gives rise to that, in turn address, is lifted slightly the front of the car, whose own weight since then tends to return to its original address straight-line position.
The practical result achieved with this benchmark is to provide stability to the direction and help the driver to restore the position of the steering wheel after a shift, a position that can recover without your intervention, if the address is semi-reversible.
The output value of the angle is between 5 and 10, their value being used more 5.
With the departure angle is achieved:
Reduce or on the steering wheel, the effort to conduct to guide the wheels.
Give or stability.
It makes the wheels or collaborate with the level of progress for a return address to your starting position.
The effort will be maximum when the pivot is parallel (without forming angle).
The effort will be minimal when the extension of the axis of the pivot passes through the fulcrum of the tire and there is no arm-resistant, then the leadership would be unstable.
If the tire pressure is lower than normal, increasing the arm resistant, increasing stability in the right direction but there is a need for greater efforts to guide the wheels.
Angle fall

The manguetas are not horizontal; are slightly tilted downwards at an angle to the horizontal in the transverse plane, called fall.
The angle is falling. It comes to an average value of 1.
With this level is to reduce the effort to be applied in the right direction at the time of guide wheels.
Moreover, the wheels tend to keep tight to the wheel axis, as indicated by the arrows, preventing the departing at the same time that are better suited to pumping the road.
With positive angle reduces wear of the elements of leadership and facilitates its management.

Altitudes conjugated

The heights of the angles of departure, fall and make progress prolonging the pivot cut to the line of travel (road) ahead and to the right of the point of the footprint of the tire.
This causes a couple of forces due to the strength of thrust (engine) and the frictional (tire), which tends to open the front wheel (must be corrected by giving a convergence wheel). Depending on the value of the angles of departure, and fall forward, we can reverse this trend by making the convergence can be positive or negative, of greater or lesser value.
Convergence and divergence (alignment of the wheels)
The vertical planes determined by the front wheels are not parallel, but that converge towards the front in cars propulsion and diverge in the rear traction lead.
With these levels is achieved compensate for the tendency of the front wheels to open during the march in the propulsion vehicles and closed in traction.

Steering
• hydraulic steering
To facilitate the implementation of the driver maneuvers with the vehicle, use the addresses or servo-assisted, which are tasked to help guide the driver in the desired direction wheels guidelines, which aid is essential in heavy trucks and buses .
To achieve this aid can be used as an energy source that provided by: admission vacuum, compressed air or hydraulic force.
Of these three sources of energy, the emptiness of admission is very little used, the compressed air, its use is restricted to vehicles which use it to the command of the brakes, hydraulics is the most widely used. The device uses the power steering that the latter is as follows:

2
It consists of a cylinder mobile solidarity to the crank of the transverse direction. And inside a plunger focused, which is attached to the chassis of the vehicle, so immobile. On both sides of the piston can be sent from a fluid control valve in which a slide valve, moved in both directions, intercomunica or interrupts the passage of the liquid cylinder to one or other side of the plunger.
When you turn the steering wheel, moves the arm of the command, and with it the crank of the direction in which it moves and at the same time, the slide of the valve control, allowing the passage of fluid at the side of the plunger; the plunger to be fixed, forcing the fluid to move the cylinder, to be united to anchor coupling of direction, moving to one side, joining this movement to direct printed on the steering wheel, helping with this, the orientation of the wheels, and ultimately the driver.
The liquid is sent by the valve control to either side of the plunger, as you turn the wheel.
The pressure of the liquid necessary to achieve the displacement cylinder coupled to the crank, is achieved with a gear pump that is driven by the strap that transmits the movement of the crankshaft. The liquid is derived from reservoir, a tube communicates with the valve control. A discharge valve installed between the tube that carries the liquid to the pump and tank communication with the control valve, the pressure remains constant.
• steering pneumatic

3
The large and rapid trucks are difficult to manage because of their large section covers a lot, gravitate large loads that increase its resistance to rotation.
They are used to drive their air pressure from the pneumatic system of going equipped vehicles with air brakes.
In essence is nothing more than a cylinder (pneumatic servo) with a piston, linked through a shaft with the arm command of the leadership to help displacement thereof. On both sides of the piston can enter alternately atmospheric pressure, or air pressure. This results in the displacement of the piston in one way or another and, therefore, aid in the movement of the arm of command. For passing air pressure, it has a control valve that is activated when you start turning the wheel. The excess air in the cylinder sale abroad through the corresponding valve (skill).
The air pressure supplied from the pipe to the cylinder is proportional to the displacement of the control rod.
Maintenance
As a general rule, follow the manufacturer’s instructions. Maintaining the proper oil level in gear, as well as the oil on the pivots and all joints (bearings).
Periodically be sure that there are no gaps in the system. These gaps affect the accuracy of the address, because the wheels can change their orientation alone.
An excessive slack management can produce a breakdown on the wheels, but it can also happen that a malfunction in the wheels or the braking system can influence the malfunctioning steering system.
An incorrect inflation pressure in the tires, as well as the unbalanced wheel of a produce alterations in the right direction.
Some levels of leadership defective produce abnormal wear in the tread of the tire, and excessive wear on the tread on the outside, it may be due to excessive fall angle, or an excess of convergence.
The oscillatory movements in the direction of the steering wheel and sustained at the front of the vehicle, called SHIMMY, could produce vibrations that can affect the elements of the management.
Among its possible causes are:
Desequilibrado or of the front wheels.
Excess or in the corners or drop out.
Or incorrect inflation pressure in the tires.
Covers or not to wear uniform in their tread, or deformed discs.
Dampers or in poor condition.
Or bodies to address gaps (bearings).
If the vehicle is equipped with hydraulic power steering, it should monitor the level of the reservoir fluid fed to the system. Revise leaks and tensioning of the belt.