Systems or sets that form the automobile
According to the Law On Traffic, Circulation of Motor Vehicles and Road Security, automobile is the vehicle to motor that is used normally for the transport of people or things, or both simultaneously, or for traction of other vehicles with that aim, excluding from this definition the vehicles especiales….
The energy, for its displacement, provides the motor. This energy arrives at the wheels by means of the transmission system, that is complemented with others to obtain the active security in the vehicle.
The suspension system, that it avoids that the irregularities of the land are transmitted to the body; the one of direction (D), to orient the trajectory of the vehicle and the system of brakes, to stop it.
Other components correspond to the electrical system and to which they integrate the passive security of the automobile, as it is the own body, among other elements.
Systems or sets that form the automobile
Without entering its composition and operation, we enumerated the different systems or sets that form the vehicle, their order of positioning and missions.
We can consider two essential parts in its formation: the body and the chassis.
The body
At the moment the tourism make with the body like support or frame of the different sets or systems that are reconciled in the vehicle, denominating themselves monocoque or autoportante body
These bodies are constructed with a resistant structure to the efforts that it is put under, and in function to the possible deformations, in case of accident, taking care of the passive security and the sets that it supports.
Exceptionally, in the tourism “todo terreno”, the body mounts on a frame formed by stringers and crosspieces.
The cabin
The cabin projects giving him to the Maxima resistance by means of a structure sufficiently reinforced and of ergonomic study that a comfortable conduction allows him to the conductor, without safe fatigue and, in addition to acclimated good.
The assembly of the cabin can be outpost of fixed assembly (fig 3), or folding (fig 4), with the purpose of having easy access to the control elements or repairs of the motor, engages or gear box.
The discouragement of the cabin is of easy handling; since it is made generally by a hydraulic system without concerted efforts.
When the body studies looks for a low aerodynamic coefficient Cx, with the purpose of reducing the consumption of the fuel and of improving the stability; this is the reason for which some cabins in the trucks take placed baffle plates in the superior part of this one.
Box of load
The box of load in the trucks depends on the application or work that is going to make.
The chassis
The chassis is formed by: bastido and the systems or sets that are reconciled to the frame.
The frame
The frame forms the stringers (l) and the crosspieces (T). The disposition, dimensions and their form depend on the function or work to that the vehicle is destined.
The frame is put under, during the development of the work of the vehicle, to concerted efforts in all the senses. Therefore, their structure and materials as well as the points of subjection between their components, will be visas and entertained periodically, like preventive measure to possible indications of breakage that is frequent in this set.
The motor
The motor is the set of mechanical elements that transforms the contained calorific energy into the fuel, gasoline or diesel oil, in mechanical energy to obtain the displacement of the vehicle.
The motor for its operation has the following systems or subsystems:
or Mechanics. Organs of the motor.
or Of distribution.
or Of lubrication.
or Of refrigeration.
or Of feeding.
or Electrical of ignition and starting.
Systems that compose the motor
System of distribution
Its mission is the one of regulating the entrance and exit of gases in the cylinders, for the drained filling and of these, at the precise moment.
Fig 7
System of lubrication
Its mission is to reduce the wearing down, to facilitate the relative movement of the pieces of the motor to cool, partly, these pieces and to maintain a pressure of Maxima lubrication.
Fig 8
System of refrigeration
Its mission is the one to maintain a temperature that provides the maximum engine efficiency (approximately 85º C).
Fig 9
System of feeding
Its mission is the one to provide the fuel and the necessary air for its operation, based on the necessities of every moment, in the motors of explosion and the diesel oil in the diesel engines.
Electrical system
The electrical system, by means of its corresponding circuits, has like mission, to have sufficient electrical energy and at any moment through the circuits that prescribed correspond of lighting system and signaling, and others, that being optative, collaborate in comfort and security:
The electrical system composes the following circuits:
or the battery
or Circuit of load of the battery.
or Circuit of electrical ignition of the motor.
or Circuit of electrical engine start-up.
or Electronic circuit for the gasoline injection.
or Circuit for the heating spark plugs. Diesel engines.
or Circuit of lighting system, signaling, control and accessories.
Next an idea, simple occurs, of each one of these circuits.
The battery
The battery as warehouse of electrical energy allows the starting, the ignition of the motor, the lighting system and the drive of the different accessories.
The battery receives electrical energy of the generator (alternator), it is transformed into stored chemical energy, and it again provides it in form of electrical energy when the circuit of any service or consumption settles down (receiving).
Circuit of load of the battery
The circuit of load must like mission generate the current electrical sufficient to feed the receivers or consumptions that are worked and to maintain the battery loaded.
The alternator receives mechanical energy and it transforms it into electrical energy. A voltage regulator regulates the voltage to a constant value, although they vary the revolutions of the motor.
Circuit of electrical ignition of the motor
The mission of the ignition in the explosion motors is the one to produce an electrical spark of high tension in the spark plugs, at the opportune moment, according to an order of explosions.
Circuit of electrical engine start-up
The mission of the circuit of electrical engine start-up, is the one to print to him to the motor (explosion or combustion), an initial turn so that the cycle of operation can begin.
Electronic circuit for the gasoline injection
It has like mission the one to inject gasoline in the corresponding part of the motor, according to the system used of injection, direct or indirect, multipoint monopoint or, and according to the conditions and necessities of every moment.
Circuit of heating spark plugs. Diesel engines
It must as the motors of combustion or diesel engine misiónen, facilitate the starting, warming up previously the air that arrives at the cylinders.
Circuit of lighting system, signaling, control and accessories
These circuits put into operation the system of lighting system and signaling, in agreement with the stipulated thing in the norm.
On the other hand, electrical elements exist that collaborate considerably in the security: electrical mirrors, wash and windshield wiper, optative lights, witness, apparatuses of control and other accessories that indicate the operation at every moment of the corresponding system.
System of transmission
It is understood by the transmission system, the set of elements that transmit the power from the exit of the motor to the wheels.
All these elements with specific missions, within the system of transmission or chain kinematics, are:
or the clutch (E).
or the gear box (C).
or power Shaft (T).
or motor Axis (even conical differential) (M).
The positioning and number of these elements will vary depending on the situation of the motor and the motor axis.
In the tourism very it is generalized the front traction (motor and motor axis ahead), in the trucks and some tourism the back propulsion (motor forward or buttock and back motor axis).
At the present time the total propulsion is used 4 xs 4.
The clutch
The clutch is the set that, located between the motor and the gear box, it has like mission:
or To connect (to engage the clutch) or to disconnect (to throw the clutch out) the motor of the gear box.
or In the starting, to assure a progressive union.
or To temporarily disconnect the motor of the elements of the transmission when changing of march.
The gear box
The gear box is the set that, located between the clutch and the motor axis:
or It takes advantage of to the maximum the engine power to overcome the variable resistance of the vehicle when moving.
or It modifies the force or the speed applied to the wheels.
In the same proportion in which it increases the force, the speed diminishes (what it gains in force is lost in speed and to the inverse one).
l the power shaft
The power shaft is located between the gear box and the motor axis. It must like mission transmit the movement that leaves the gear box until the motor axis, transmitting it to the wheels.
It does not exist when it forms a single set the motor, gear box and motor axis.
The motor axis (even conical-differential)
The motor axis, also call motor bridge, can be located in:
or front Part (vehicle of front traction).
or back Part of the vehicle (vehicle of back propulsion).
or front and back Part simultaneously (vehicle of total propulsion -4 x 4).
It takes in his interior two mechanisms:
or the conical pair pinion-crowns, that reduces the speed and that changes the movement toward the front in cross-sectional.
or the differential, that allows when taking a curve, that the outer wheel takes more speed than the interior. The difference of returns is equivalent to the difference of route space. What the desire loses the bogie the outside.
System of suspension
The mission of the suspension, is the one to prevent that the irregularities of the pavement are transmitted to the body, to increase the comfort and mainly it is a fundamental set in the active security maintaining supported the wheels well on the pavement.
The body or frame is reconciled between and the axes of the wheels.
System of direction
The mission of the direction is the one to orient the front wheels to voluntarily direct the vehicle of the conductor and with the smaller effort.
Not to have to deliver great attacks in addition to the reduction obtained in the box of gears, every day is used plus the attended direction.
System of braking
The mission of the system of brakes is the one to obtain a force that is even against to the displacement of the vehicle, retaining it until its total immobilization and to maintain it prisoner, parked unemployed or if it is will of the conductor.
Wheels and tires
The wheel
The wheel has like mission, at the same time, to transmit the power and to assure the direction making possible its displacement, is to say; on the wheel the transmission acts, the direction and the brakes.
It is the metallic set and it is formed by:
or the rim.
or the disc.
The rim is the part where the cover is reconciled.
The disc is the central part that is united to the bushing or the drum.
The tire
It is the elastic part
or It is in contact with the enemy with the pavement.
or It absorbs, approximately, 8% of the irregularities of the pavement.
or It has the sufficient adhesion to be able to transmit the engine power, the braking and the direction of the vehicle.
or It has great importance in the stability.
or It is a fundamental element in the active security.