Cars and Tuning

Concept of electricity and magnetism
Before studying the different electrical circuits that integrate the vehicle automobile we will give ideas on basic knowledge of electricidad…

Electrical current
In order to include/understand better the electrical current it is necessary to know the constitution the matter.
Everything what occupies a place in the space is matter. Any body is constituted by matter. The matter, as well, is made up of particles, infinitely small, that are called atoms.
The atom, as well, is divided in two fundamental parts:
A central part, call nucleus, and another one, which they form bodies that turn around the nucleus (according to orbits), calls electrons, with negative loads, whereas the nucleus does with positive charges.

The electrons stay around the nucleus, attracted by this one, because it has opposite loads.
Some electrons, that are very distant of the nucleus, are easy to make them escape by means of some external agent. These electrons are those that produce the electrical current.
Intensity of current
It is understood by electrical current, through a conductor, the movement of electrons.
It seems logical that its intensity comes given by the number of electrons per second that happens through a given point. One is moderate in AMPERES. The conductors by which great intensities circulate will have a great section (great diameter) metallic (he receives generally).
In order to measure the intensity of the current the ammeter is used that is connected in series with the branch of the circuit which we want to measure, for which will be put in within the same conductor, around where the electrical current circulates.
Difference of potential (voltage)
We are going to study the form to put in movement electrons. In order to include/understand better the form to do it we are going to observe a simple hydraulic circuit, constituted by comunicantes glasses.
Observing, a difference of levels is seen that in the deposit, the level is greater than in the deposit, existing. If in these conditions we opened the valve, the water happens of a until reaching the same level, so and as the step is seen in the detail, stopping then.
As the difference of levels diminishes, the volume to its passage by the communication pipe also diminishes, until the moment at which step does not exist because there is difference of no levels.
If we want that the liquid continues happening from a deposit to another one, we must constantly maintain the difference of level between both deposits.

Considering the circuit of, that is formed by a battery, a resistance, a lamp, and a switch. We closed the switch, closes the circuit and the electrical current settles down, igniting the lamp.

The circulation of current depends on the tension or difference of potential of, increased to the circulation when increasing this tension or the difference of potential (potential difference), as it happened in the hydraulic example, when existing level difference.
Conventionally one admits that the current circulates within the circuit (way for electrons), from the point of greater potential to the one of minor, of positive to negative.
The unit to measure the difference of power or tension is the VOLT and its value is moderate with the voltmeter, that connects in parallel or derivation, that is to say, connecting it to both conduit around which the electrical current circulates.
Electrical resistance
All wire offers a certain resistance to the passage of the current. The value of the resistance or the difficulty to the passage of electrons, depends on:
or the length.
or the section (millimeters).
or the material used in the manufacture of the conductor.
or the temperature.
Its unit is the OHM.
When a receiver must receive an intensity elevated for its operation, the conductor will be of great section and little resistance
These three magnitudes, intensity, resistance and tension (or voltage), are related by means of the law of Ohm:

W=I * R

V = Tension in volts
I = Intensity in amperes
R = Resistance in ohms

Electrical power
It is another property of the electrical, directly proportional current to the intensity and the voltage. Its unit of measurement is the WATT, and its multiple of KILOVATIO (KW).
In the electrical characteristics of the electrical receivers one indicates his power and tension.
W = V * I
Fuses
If we have a cable calculated for a certain intensity and tension and make pass a current of greater intensity and tension, the cable is warmed up and gotten to be fused. This property will be used to protect electrical systems of possible elevations of tension and intensity. For it fuses are put in in the facilities, which are conductors calibrated generally finer and with calculated point of fusion, of such form that when exceeding the wished intensity the fuse reaches its point of fusion and interrupts the passage of the current. They are located at the beginning of the circuit. They protect the cable from the own fuse to the receiver.
The fuses present/display a standardized color, which indicates the Maxima intensity of the fuse, although in addition they take it recorded.
Magnetism
The magnets, natural or artificial, are bodies that the property has to attract iron particles metallic. To the property to attract metallic particles magnetism is called. The magnets can be natural or artificial:
The natural magnets or stone magnet, are determined mineral (magnetite), that has magnetism.

The artificial magnets are the made ones by electrical procedures, on pieces of steel or special alloys.
The ends of magnets are called poles. One of the poles is called north, and the other south.
The North Pole it leaves the magnetism, and the South Pole it enters.

The law of attraction and repulsion says that: if we put two magnets To and B, with the equal poles, one as opposed to the other, these are repelled. If we put magnets To and B with the different poles faces, these magnets, are attracted.
Lines of force
Imaginary lines that delimit the extension of the magnetic field.

Magnetic field
The magnetic field is the space, next to the magnet, where the effects of this one are pronounced, such as the attractions and the repulsions. The intensity of this one magnetic field is determined by the magnetic flux of lines of force that cross the surface unit.
Electromagnetism
The electromagnets are constituted by a coil with a sweet iron nucleus (enrrollado cable, forming turns around a sweet iron nucleus). The object of the nucleus is to increase the magnetic field strenght produced by the coil.
The characteristic of an electromagnet resides in which only it behaves like magnet when there is passage of current by the turns, disappearing the capacity to imantar when this one stops.

Electromagnetic induction
Induced currents
The induction effect can be obtained by means of an electromagnet. Establishing and cutting the passage of the current by its circuit.
The sweet iron nucleus takes two located coils to a distance where the electromagnet has effect. When closing the circuit takes place a magnetic field in the first coil, whose lines of force also cut the turns of the second coil. Al to open the circuit, by means of a switch, the magnetic field disappears and an induced current of high voltage in the second coil takes place. The tension of the induced current is directly proportional to the number of turns and inversely proportional to the intensity that happens to him to each winding.

System of ignition
The mission of the ignition system is to produce an electrical spark inside the cylinders at the opportune moment and the order of explosions established. This spark will be the one in charge to produce the combustion of the gaseous mixture. In the interior of the cylinder a compressed atmosphere of mixture exists reason why to make jump the spark between the electrodes of the spark plugs (separation of 0,6-0,7mm.) we will need tensions about 25,000 volts approximately so that the mixture becomes inflamed and to obtain the maximum yield in the motor.
Several systems exist to obtain the spark. These are:

Ignition by battery.
Ignition by transistorized battery.
Ignition by elctrónico battery.

Ignition by battery
The ignition by battery is based on which she is this one the one that provides the electrical energy necessary to make jump the spark.

Main elements of the system of ignition by battery
Ignition key
He is the switch located in the control panel of the vehicle, that by means of one first position, its turn closes the circuit of ignition, allowing the passage of the electrical current of the battery to the primary circuit, and in the following turn, puts into operation the starter engine.
Coil
It is the element that transforms the current of low tension coming from the battery into current of high tension that will circulate until arriving at the spark plugs.
The operation of the coil is based on the phenomena of electromagnetic induction.
Ruptor
Also calls platinum or contacts.

It is the element in charge to interrupt the current in the coil and to cause the increase of tension.
It is made up of two contacts, one moving body, called hammer, that receives the current of the coil and another one, the anvil, by where it makes mass.
Condenser
The condenser serves to absorb the spark that takes place in the contacts of the ruptor at the moment of the opening, avoiding that is burned.
Another important function of the condenser is that the time diminishes considerably that lasts the cut of the electrical current in the coil, elevating the voltage.

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The condenser in the circuit of ignition is connected in parallel with the ruptor.
The capacity of the condenser in the automobiles is expressed in microfarads.
Distributor
Its mission consists of distributing the current of the tension to the different spark plugs, in a certain order.

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It is necessary to emphasize that the distributor, in his rotating movement, distributes the current by means of the pipe (distributing finger) to the cables which they go to the spark plugs, that an ignition in different order assures, 1-3-4-2 or 1-2-4-3, according to the types of motors.
Mechanism of automatic adjustment
Its mission is to advance the ignition, adapting the speed of jump of spark (time between each explosion) to the necessities of the motor, according to the number of revolutions. There are two types of adjustment:
or Manual. It consists of giving the advance to the correct ignition to the slow motion (completion of the ignition).
or Automatic. Constituted by:
Centrifugal advance. Formed by counterbalances that act based on the revolutions of the motor.
Advance by depression. Formed by a pneumatic camera connected the induction manifold. It acts based on the filling of the cylinders and complements to the centrifugal advance.
Spark plugs (2 and 13)
The spark plug is the element where the spark jumps, as a result of the current of high tension coming from the distributor, inflaming the air mixture and fuel compressed in the blasting chamber.
Thermal degree of a spark plug

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The thermal degree of a spark plug is based on the thermal conductibilidad of the insulator of the surface exposed to the heat as well as of the size and forms of the existing hollow. It can be classified in two types: cold and I warm up.
This characteristic goes recorded in the own spark plug, and in some marks in the body a code of numbers goes engraving: 95, 145, 240 and up to 340 for competition cars. Whichever greater it is east thermal value, greater it will be his resistance to the ignition by incandescence (pre-ignition) and minor to soil itself.
or cold Spark plug or of high thermal degree. It is formed by a short and heavy insulator in his inferior part, so that the evacuation of the heat takes place quickly. It is used in motors of great compressions and discharges revolutions.
or hot Spark plug or of low thermal degree. It is formed by an insulating pointed length and, with more amount of insulating material in his inferior end, being remote of the housing, taking place the evacuation of the heat more slowly. It is used for motors of little compression and losses revolutions.

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The election of the spark plug as well as the separation of electrodes that can be of 0.6 to 0.7 mm, are very important. It agrees to follow the advice of the manufacturer, since they influence a good number of factors as they are:
or the load of the motor and the regime.
or Operating temperature.
or Pressure in the combustion chamber.
or Nature of the fuel.
Transistorized ignition
This ignition is similar to the ignition by battery, that improves when placing a transistor between the coil and the ruptor. The mission of the transistor is the one to divide the primary current (of the battery) in two; one of very low intensity that happens through the ruptor, and another one of greater intensity towards mass than happens through the coil.
With this system the current of the battery can be of greater intensity, since at the ruptor a current will only arrive from inferior intensity at an ampere.
The advantages of the transistorized ignition are:
or It considerably reduces the premature deterioration in the contacts of the ruptor.
or It increases the power of the spark.
or Minor consumption, mainly at low and average speeds.
or failures to high revolutions are avoided.
or It facilitates the inflammation of the mixture, to exist a greater separation between the electrodes of the spark plugs.
or the positioning of the condenser for the ruptor is avoided.
Electronic ignition
It is the system more used at the present time, being his main characteristic the lack of the ruptor that is replaced by a coffer or electronic module that controls the rupture of the primary current, that is to say, the time of feeding of the coil.
The advantages of this ignition are:
or Facility of cold start.
or Good operation to high revolutions, eliminating the mechanical element (ruptor).
or Minors consumptions, as much of fuel as of battery.
or he does not need settings (completion), but maintenance (verification and change of spark plugs).
or very uniform Slow motion.
Their disadvantages are:
or Price of its elements.
or Failures, materials and expensive manual labor.
8. THE SYSTEM OF FEEDING IN THE EXPLOSION MOTORS

Mission
The mission of the circuit of feeding is to prepare and to make arrive at the interior of the cylinders the amount of necessary mixture, in the suitable proportion and the moments at which it is asked for, according to they are the necessities of the conduction of the motor.
It is important to stand out that still series automobiles exist whose feeding is made by means of a circuit of feeding with carburetor.
The use of systems of feeding is every more important day equipped with gasoline injection.
Fuels
The fuel used in the explosion motors is the gasoline, obtained of gross petroleum through a series of distillations.
At the present time it is also used, although in smaller degree, the liquefied gas of petroleum (G.L.P.), in individual for the service “taxi”. It is formed by a mixture of propano gas and butane. Its calorific power is inferior that the one of gasolines.
At the present time very the unleaded gases by their smaller polluting effect are used, and is used in vehicles with electronic, electronic injection and catalytic ignition obligatorily to avoid important failures, mainly in the catalyst.
Characteristics of gasolines
Volatileness
The volatileness of a liquid is the facility that it has to become gas. The gasolines used in automotion have to be very volatile, to favor the intimate union with the oxygen of the air, being obtained themselves a mixture and later combustion.
To be able calorific
The calorific power of a fuel is the number of kilocalorías that is able to provide a kilogram of this fuel.
The gasolines have to have a high power calorific, superior to 11,000 kcal/kg.
Octane
The octane or fuel grade of gasolines indicates his to “poder antidetonante”. The gasolines must have a high octane, generally superior to 90 octanes. At the most high it is his octane, greater compression will support without getting to produce detonation. Whichever greater compression has supported, greater will be the power developed by the motor.
Circuit of feeding
The circuit of feeding is constituted by a fuel tank, of which a pump inhales fuel, that sends it by a canalization to the carburetor, that prepares the mixture and that through the induction manifold arrives at the cylinders. For it it takes air from the atmosphere through a filter and gasoline of a Cuba of the carburetor.
The gasoline arrives at the pump after being filtered in by means of the canalization, the gasoline returns to the deposit, by the leftover canalization. .

Fuel depot (and 3)
Placed, generally, in one it leaves remote from the motor, to avoid the fire danger. The deposit is placed in a low point to descend the center of gravity of the vehicle and to increase its stability. It is placed outside the deformations of the body to avoid the danger in case of shock.

Galvanized steel plate is used in its manufacture, in two halves that are united with electrical weld. In the present time they also make of plastic it last. The metallic deposits usually cover of an antirust layer by the outside and a varnish by the interior.
The deposit must be watertight totally and has a tube with a filling mouth and a cork of closing in the outside. It has a small airing hole located in the tube or the same cork of closing. This orifice is connected with the outside, and maintains in the interior of the deposit the atmospheric pressure.

Usually they take inner tabicado bored to avoid the noise, to limit the movements of the liquid and to avoid the steam creation.
It takes an orifice for the outlet pipe of the fuel and in the entrance to this tube a filter of metallic mesh can be placed, for a first filtrate. In addition to these orifices, it has practiced another drill of great dimensions where the level of fuel is reconciled.
The used level more, consists of a floater located in the interior of the deposit that moves a metallic rod throughout a variable resistor. Depending on the position of the contact with the resistance, the intensity of the current will be greater or smaller.
This current arrives at an indicator that will mark in a scale the level in the deposit, based on the intensity of current that receives.
Booster pump
The mission of the pump is the one to extract the fuel of the deposit and to send it to the carburetor or to the bulk injection pump, (depending on the used system of feeding), for its later mixture with the air.
Two types of booster pumps exist according to their drive:

Mechanics.
Electrical.
Mechanical booster pump
One is reconciled to the motor block by means of screws with a meeting and a plate to diminish the heat transmission produced by the motor, being avoided that the gasoline becomes gas. This pump is driven by an eccentric who has the camshaft of the motor when this one is in the block, or by a control mechanism, if she takes the camshaft in head.
Operation

The membrane is moved downwards by the eccentric through a system of handles (L and V), aspiring combustible. When the action of the eccentric stops, the wharf moves the membrane upwards, leaving the impelled fuel to pressure.

This pump presents/displays the following disadvantages:
or bubbles in the fuel by the action of the heat of the motor can be produced, when mounted being in him.
or the membrane loses elasticity, when dilating, by the action of the heat of the motor.
or frequent Breakage of the membrane, by fatigue.
or When separated being of the deposit a membrane is needed great dimensions to be able to produce an effective suction.
or So that it works the pump must be in operation the motor.
Electrical booster pump
The superior part is similar to the one of a mechanical pump (membrane and valves of aspiration and impulsion).
This pump is driven by the current of the battery on an electromagnet that moves the membrane.
The main advantage of this pump is that it can be located anywhere of the vehicle. One is not therefore influenced by the heat produced by the motor. In addition it works On guard with the contact key, without for it it is necessary to rotate the motor.
In some vehicles, equipped of an injection system, we can find a pump of rollers moved by a submerged electrical motor in the gasoline.
Filters
The feeding system takes two types of filters:
or fuel Filters.
or Air cleaners.
Fuel filter
It must like mission retain the particles that could take in suspension the fuel. Usually they are constituted by a small sieve of metallic mesh or plastic. They are placed when coming out of the deposit, to the entrance of the booster pump and to the entrance of the carburetor.
Air cleaner
It has the mission to retain the particles that the air takes in suspension, generally the dust, and to avoid so it penetrates inside the cylinders and the wearing down, partly, of these. Three types of air cleaners exist:
or dry Filter.
or humid Filter.
or Filter in oil bath.
Dry filter
The air is forced to happen through a filter element of special porous paper, plastic or weave. It is folded in form of accordion or of different form, with object to increase the surface filter. In order to give greater solidity to the filter, this one usually mounts with a covering of plastic material.

All the set is introduced in a lodging that serves as support.
It has two positions, according to the station of the year, adjustable these by means of the turn of the unscrewed previous cover of the nuts that fix it to the body.
The blower pipe warms up does by the mouth of entrance that is next to the exhaust manifold and the one of cold air by the conduit that is located in the highest plane of the motor set.
The taking will take place by one or another conduit according to is the arrow of the support of the filter is in correspondence with “I” or “V” of the cover, it warms up and cold respectively (summer-winter).
Humid filter
He is similar to the previous one. The filter element is impregnated metallic an oil weave mesh, where they are adhered the particles that the air contains.

This filter mounts in the same support that in the previous case of and is more effective than the previous one, but it presents/displays like disadvantage the greater and more continuous maintenance. The cleaning can be made next with diesel oil and, the drying, with compressed air or another means.
Filter in oil bath

This filter takes an inferior container, a camera with oil, located underneath a filter element, that usually is of metallic weave. The air intake is located so that, when entering the filter, the airflow hits the surface of the oil directly. This way, the particles heavier than contain the air, when changing this one so abruptly of direction, are retained by inertia in the oil and the rest of the dust is filtered by the metallic weave of the filter. The air descends later by its conduit.
When the oil of the tray thickens, it is necessary to clean and to come to the substitution of the oil, until the level that is indicated in the container.
Carburetion
So that a combustion takes place, it is precise that there are two elements: fuel and supporter of combustion, and in certain conditions. Fuels are those solid, liquid or gaseous bodies that are able to burn themselves by means of a supporter of combustion.
In the explosion motors the gasoline is used like fuel. As supporter of combustion is used the oxygen of the air. The conditions are: to be mixed gasoline and air in determined proportions, to compress this mixture, and, like consequence, to elevate its temperature so that, by means of a spark, the explosion begins.
The mission of the carburetor is: to make the mixture air-gasoline in the suitable proportion so that once within the cylinders it can burn with facility. This mixture gaseous, will be well dosed and homogenous, with object to obtain the maximum engine efficiency.
Elementary carburetion
The carburetor is based on the Venturi effect, that consists of the depression that all gaseous mass believes in a canalization when circulating around her. The created depression is directly proportional at the speed whereupon the gas circulates around the canalization.

If within that canalization a jet communicated with the fuel Cuba is placed, the pressure differential between Cuba and canalization (p2-p1) causes that it arrives combustible at the mouth of the jet, pulverizing and mixing themselves with the air of the outside, being dragged this “mezcla” towards the cylinders (by the aspiration of these in the time of admission).
Basic elements of an elementary carburetor
Cuba
She is the one in charge when coming out to maintain the fuel level of the jet constant. It is a gasoline reserve.
Jet
Calibrated tube that unites Cuba with the induction manifold.

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Difusor or Venturi
Located to the height of the jet. It consists of a narrowing that the speed increases of the air, but without varying his volume (amount). The gasoline volume is, thus, favored.
The valve of butterfly of the accelerator
It allows to vary the amount of mixture admitted in the cylinder.
Metering of the mixtures
Due to the weight of the gasoline and the air and as a result of its respective inertias, they are due to control, according to the necessities of the motor and of their number of revolutions, the proportion in the mixture of its components, that is to say, the metering of the mixture.
A series of devices exists to correct the different meterings, according to the circumstances. These meterings (in weight combustible/aire, measured in grams) are the following ones:
or poor Metering (1/15 to 1/18). For regimes that do not require a great motor pair (cruise regime in level).
or normal Metering (1/15). For regimes where the speed is based on the power.
or rich Metering (1/12,5). For benefits of Maxima engine power.
or very rich Metering (1/4). For cold start.
The ideal normal metering in volume is, approximately, 1 liter of fuel by each 10,000 liters of air.
Devices of automatic correction of the mixtures
The carburetors have the following circuits as a rule:
or Circuit of slow motion: it provides the necessary amount of fuel for the operation of the motor to low revolutions (approximately 800 r.p.m.).
or Circuit of compensation: system that avoids the one that goes off the fuel consumption, when accelerating itself the motor, since the mixture tends to become rich.
or Circuit economizer: adecúa the wealth of the mixture to a metering of maximum yield, independently of the load in the cylinders.
or enriching Circuit: in order to provide a rich mixture in situations of Maxima power (accelerator pump).
or Start unit in cold: in order to enrich the mixture at the moment for starting (to starter or strangler).
or Circuit of progression: aid to the slow motion to the passage of losses to high revolutions when the main circuit does not act.

Feeding by gasoline injection
This system of feeding used in the explosion motors, replaces the carburetor by a system that injects the gasoline, finally pulverized, directly on the air inhaled in the time of admission.
Advantages of the injection system:
or High yield.
or Less fuel consumption.
or Rapidity of adaptation.
or little polluting Exhaust gases.
The injection can be:
or Direct.
or Hint.
The direct injection, directly injects the gasoline in the cylinder; the indirect injection injects the gasoline in the induction manifold.
With the direct injection one obtains to a fast pulverization of the fuel in the air and the Maxima engine power, but a greater pressure of injection is necessary.
The indirect injection requires a simpler assembly, due to the smaller pressure of injection.
The indirect injection can be:
or continuous Injection: if the injection is constant in the injectors that are placed to the height of the admission valves.
or discontinuous Injection: if the injection takes place at the moment at which is open the admission valve, being intermittent and with a perfect synchronization with the corresponding valve.
The used systems as control mechanism in the circuit of feeding can be:
or Injection with mechanical control.
or Injection with electronic control.
Injection with mechanical control
Between the mechanical systems of injection the actions by the motor of explosion and the devoid ones of driving gear are distinguished.
The systems driven by the motor consist of a bulk injection pump with their corresponding built-in regulator and its performance is similar to the one of those of injection of the diesel engines.
This system, at the present time, the motors of explosion is not used.
The other variant is a system that works injecting of continuous form without driving gear.
Injection with electronic control (fig 11)
These systems of electronic injection, on previous the mechanical systems, have the advantage to have device of the high sensitivity to provide the volume adapted at every moment in the cylinders and they do not require a mechanical distributor of high precision.
The operation does not require as much precision as in the mechanical systems.
The system of the 1, represents the model L - Jetronic of the house BOSCH, system of discontinuous and multipoint injection.
The elements that compose the system are the following ones:
D - Fuel tank. Or - Mediating of the air volume.
B - Electro fuel pump. C - Induction manifold.
X - Fuel filter. To - Tube of admission.
Z - Fuel distributor. And - Control unit.
R - Pressure controller. L - It sounds Lambda.
N - Valve of cold start. V - Time-lag Termointerruptor.
F - Air filter.
The l Jetronic is a system of injection without mechanical drive, controlled electronically, with which it is injected intermittently combustible in the induction manifold. It is a system of intermittent injection.

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The mission of the gasoline injection is to make arrive at each cylinder the exactly necessary fuel, according to the exigencies on watch of the motor, at every moment. This implies the necessity to have the greater possible number of important data for the metering of the fuel and a fast adaptation of the volume from fuel to the situation of momentary march. The gasoline injection, controlled electronically, is the adapted one in this case, since the data on watch in any place of the vehicle are registered, for its later conversion in electrical signals by means of measurers. These signals are made arrive at the control unit of the injection installation, which processes them, and immediately calculates from them the fuel volume to inject. The value of this volume depends on the duration of the injection.
Principle of operation
One electrobomba that aspires of the deposit and impels the fuel to the distributing tube and generates the necessary pressure for the injection.
The injection valves inject the fuel in the different tubes from admission. An electronic unit controls the injection valves.
Functional blocks
The l Jetronic is made up essentially of the following functional blocks:
System of aspiration
The aspiration system makes arrive at the motor the volume of necessary air. It consists of induction manifold, air cleaner, butterfly and different tube from admission.
Sensors
The sensors (measuring) register the magnitudes characteristic of the motor for each state on watch.
The magnitude of more important measurement is the air volume inhaled by the motor, that is registered by the corresponding measurer, also called sounds volumetric of air. Other measurers register the position of the butterfly, the regime of revolutions of the motor, the temperatures of the air and the motor.
Control unit
In this electronic unit the signals provided by the measurers are analyzed, and from them it are generated corresponding command pulse for the injection valves.
System of feeding
The feeding system impels the fuel from the deposit to the injection valves, generates the necessary pressure for the injection and maintains constant this pressure. The fuel system includes: booster pump, fuel filter, distributing tube, pressure controller, valves of injection and valves of cold start.

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In the simplified scheme of the 2 the principle of operation of this system of electronic injection imagines.
Catalyst
The gasoline is burned in the cylinders of the motor of incomplete form. The more incomplete it is the injurious combustion, the more substances will be expelled with exhaust gases from the motor.
All the directed measures to reduce the emissions of injurious and limited substances in diverse legal dispositions, go oriented to obtain minimum emissions of injurious substances at the same time obtaining the smaller possible fuel consumption, high benefits and good behavior of march.

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The exhaust gases of a gasoline motor contain other components that have been recognized like injurious for the medio.ambiente. The injurious components are formed by monoxide of carbon (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOT) and hydrocarbons (HC).
The mission of the catalyst is the one to transform the injurious substances that contain gases of the combustion in innocuous components. By means of the catalyst it is possible to transform more of 90% of the injurious substances into innocuous.
When the gases cross the catalyst, the chemical decomposition of the injurious substances is first of all accelerated by platinum and the Rhodian. Inner it is made up of:
C - Ceramic material.
L - Steel wool for support.
S - Housing.
Catalyst of two routes
It is made up of precious metals, platinum and palladium. They eliminate the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons nonburned, to turn them carbon dioxide, water steam and nitrogen.
Catalyst of three routes
Composed just as the previous one but the Rhodian adds itself to him. This metal reduces nitrogen oxides to turn them nitrogen and oxygen. This catalyst is used in electronic injections that have sounding lambda.
The sounding lambda is an electronics of control that analyzes the amount of oxygen of exhaust gases, evaluating therefore the correct air/fuel combustion. It informs to the electronic control of the injection so that air-fuel carries out constants corrections of mezca (greater or smaller fuel injection).
Norms that are due to consider in vehicles with catalyst
or not to use gasoline with lead, since small amounts of lead obstruct the catalyst.
or the oil consumption does not have to be superior to a liter each 1,000 km Destroys the catalytic properties.
or not to make short routes with the vehicle in cold since if the catalyst does not reach its operating temperature, the gasoline without burning deteriorates the catalyst.
or not to take the vehicle mainly pushing it and if it is warms up.
or not to use additives that contain lead.
or periodically To verify the completion of the motor.
or not to take the deposit in reserve frequently.
Maintenance and setting
The maintenance of the feeding system will be made taking care of the instructions and recommendations given by the manufacturer.
The settings and revisions of each one of the constituent elements of the different types or systems from feeding - carburetor or system of injection -, it must make personnel specialized and with the technical elements necessary to be able to diagnose, to verify and to complete each one of the component elements of the system that treats.