Cars and Tuning

Mission of the lubrication system
The operation of the motor requires the connection of different pieces that take different movements to each other.

All movement of two pieces in contact and submissive pressures, produces a friction that depends as much on the state (surface finish quality of), like of the nature of the surfaces in contact (material employees).
The surfaces, by very smooth and finished that seems, always will present/display, a series of rugosidades that when being in contact with the enemy with others, generate such amount of heat, that it causes wearing down and an increase of temperature that will be able to cause the fusion (gripaje) of metals in its respective superficial zones of connection.

In order to reduce the friction in the movable metallic connections a fine oil film, of such way interposes between both surfaces, that it forms an oil wedge that maintains separated and prevents the contact to each other).

Organs of the motor to lubricate
Organs in rotation
- the supports and muñequillas of the crank.
- the supports of the camshaft and the levies.
- the gears of control of the mechanism of the ignition.
- the gears or the chain of the distribution
Sliding organs
- the pistons in the cylinders.
- taqués and the valves in its guides.
Oscillating organs - the feet of connecting rods and the balance beams around its axes
Systems of lubrication
Lubrication by mixture
This system of lubrication is used in motors of two times. It consists of mixing with the gasoline a certain amount of oil (from the 2 to 5%).
This system of lubrication has the disadvantage of forming excessive fine coal in the compression chamber and the head of the piston, when burning itself the oil.
The advantage of this system is that the oil does not need to be cooled. Even so the lubrication is imperfect and the motors have tendency to gripar themselves, mainly when the motor is in march and the immobilized vehicle.
With the purpose of avoiding algunosde these disadvantages, certain motors of two times take the oil in a separated deposit, where a dispenser sends the oil to the carburetor, according to the necessities of every moment.
Pressure-feed lubrication
The system of pressure-feed lubrication allows to dose the oil circulation and the evacuation of the heat.
The oil is lodged in the inferior case. A pump submerged in this oil, inhales it after to have happened through a strainer and it sends it to pressure towards the oil filter. After the filtrate, it is conducted through a main incline until the points that require lubrication. The oil that overflows with the pieces, returns to the case by gravity.

The revolving movement of certain elements causes that the oil leaves dismissed, which causes splashes that favor the lubrication of diverse points where the canalizations of lubrication do not arrive (it lubricates by projection).
Elements lubricated under pressure
To - The crank - connecting rod head.
B - The camshaft (supports).
And - The axis of balance beams.
The crank is drilled in all its length, having penetrated the oil by its interior, to make the lubrication in the elbows and supports.
The tree of balance beams is drilled in all its length, with starting points in the supports and the zone of turn of the balance beams.
Elements lubricated by projection
or the shirts.
or the pistons and their axes.
or the levies and the camshaft.
or the distribution (control).
or the tails of valves.
or the rods of the balance beams.
or taqués.
Total or integral pressure-feed lubrication
A denominated system of lubrication to impact pressure exists, being an improvement of the system of pressure-feed lubrication.
He is equivalent to the lubrication, pressure increased in the lubrication under pressure of the bolt of the piston, thanks to a drill practiced in the body of the connecting rod.

Lubrication by dry case
In the revolutionized motors the oil is put under high pressures and temperature, not cooling off this one of a fast and effective form.
The function and parts to lubricate, are similar to the previous system; the difference consists of which the case does not make the functions of oil tank. The oil is stored generally aside, passing through a deposit refrigerator.
For it, a pump gathers the oil that falls to the case through the strainer and it sends it to the deposit, and another pump, from the deposit sends it to the lubrication system.
When having a deposit of greater capacity than the case, the oil has more time to evacuate the heat and its average temperature of work, is smaller.

Elements of the system of pressure-feed lubrication
Pumps of lubrication
The lubrication pumps are the ones in charge to gather the oil of the crankcase and to send it to pressure to all the system of lubrication. This pressure is moderate in Kg/cm² (bars). They generally receive the movement of the camshaft, by means of a gear, depending the pressure that it sends of the number of RPM of the motor.
The used types of pump more are:

Pump of gear.
Pump of rotor.
Pump of trowels.
Pump of gears
It is used at the present time. It is formed by two gears, geared to each other (pinions) with a minimum of comfort, one from which receives the movement of the camshaft, transmitting it to the other, that it turns crazy person.
Both are lodged in a housing on which the pinions turn fit. The pinions, when turning, drag the oil between their teeth and the housing on which they fit and when arriving at the other part, oil leaves by the pipe of the superior part.

Pump of rotor
It is a system of internal gears.
Like one of the gears (rotor interior), it has a tooth less than the other, is left a hollow always between both, that full of oil by, due to the created emptiness when this hollow diminishes. The oil is sent to pressure by the exit.
The inner rotor shaft receives the movement of the camshaft, through a pinion.
It is used less than those of outer gears to send less pressure.

Pump of trowels
The body of the pump of trowels has inner forms cylindrical.
Two orifices end at the body: the one of oil entrance and the one of exit.
An eccentric rotor lodges in the cylindrical part.
This rotor is diametrically grooved. The groove receives two trowels that turn freely. Intermediate means maintain, to little pressure, the trowels against the cylindrical body. The mission of the wharf is to maintain the watertightness in spite of the wearing down of the trowels due to the rubbing with the walls of the body of the pump.
When turning the motor, the rotor does in the sense of the arrow.
The volume increases, causing a depression or emptiness. The oil is then aspired in this volume.
When the volume tends to the maximum, trowel 2 covers the orifice of entrance of the oil. The rotation continues and this trowel 2 does simultaneously:
or To impel the volume forwards, to the exit orifice.
or To create behind, a new volume (Á).
The cycle is made thus while the motor is in operation and the oil is impelled in the canalizations of the lubrication system.

Pressure gauge
By lubrication pressure the pressure is understood to which the oil circulates around the general pipe of lubrication.
Normally this pressure reaches a value next to 1 Kg/cm² to the 5 slow motion and from 4 to kg/cm² with the accelerated motor, varying something from a motor to another one. The value pressure peak is limited by the spill valve or regulating valve.
It is necessary to consider that the cold oil mark more pressure than the hot oil.
An apparatus in charge is the pressure gauge to measure at every moment the oil pressure in the interior of the circuit of lubrication. It is connected to the main canalization.

In addition, a pressure gauge of electrical oil mounts in the vehicles like control element that acts when the oil pressure is very low (0,3 to 0,6 atmosphere), indicating, by means of a luminous witness, the lack of pressure. They do not take all the vehicles to it.
At the moment one tends to place a level of oil, but it only acts when the motor is stopped and the given contact.

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Limitor valve of pressure
Because the oil pressure sent by the pump varies based on the regime of rotation of the motor and the viscosity of the oil, it can arrive a little while in which the oil pressure is excessive and unnecessary, being able to deteriorate the lubrication installation.
The pump receives the movement of the camshaft and, therefore, its speed of operation is in agreement with the speed of turn of the motor. If the motor tour quickly, also will make the pump and, therefore, it will send more oil to the conductions of lubrication. If the oil is cold, will offer difficulty to pass through the canalizations, producing in both cases an increase of pressure in the pipes, superior to the normal one, that it will bring with himself greater work for the pump and an increase of oil deterioration.

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In order to maintain the pressure suitable the limitor valve or spill valve exists, that it has as a function to unload the pipes of lubrication of the leftover oil when this Maxima pressure of operation is an excess of pressure limiting.
The valve goes when coming out mounted of the pump, in the general pipe. If the pressure is excessive, opens to the valve winning the action of the calibrated wharf and allowing that a part of the oil returns to the case, limiting this way the pressure. If low the pressure, the wharf closes the valve and all the oil that is going to lubricate, not letting pass it to the case.
Oil filter
The oil for the lubrication must be cleanest possible of impurities. The oil when returning to the case, after to have lubricated all the parts of the motor, drags fine coal and polvillo metalist, who doubtlessly takes place in the frotamiento of pieces to each other, and other dirts. All these impurities must be eliminated of the oil and for it, it resorts to his filtrate.
The lubrication pump, takes in its oil taking of the case a strainer that produces a first filtrate. After the pump and before arriving at the points to lubricate, it is made him happen through a filter, in which, by his constitution, they are retained the impurities that can take the oil in suspension.
This filter is constituted by a porous textile material that does not offer much resistance to the passage of the oil. The filter must change because it is obstructed and it can get to prevent the passage of the oil through him. If it happened the pressure differential would open the valve and would pass the oil, but without leaking. The change of the filter canister, will take control of the regularity indicated by the manufacturer. In some motors also a centrifugal filter goes, in the pulley of the crank, helping to the main filter.
In the figure it can see the limitor valve of pressure, as well as its situation; and the rod to verify the oil level in the motor.
Depending on the disposition of the oil filter in the circuit of lubrication, the filtrate can be: in series or derivation.

Filtrate in series (2 and 13)
At the present time it is used. All the oil volume coming from the pump is made happen through the filter towards the main incline of lubrication.
With object to avoid that an obstruction of the filter leaves the circuit of interrupted lubrication, one second canalization with a valve practices that allows the direct step.
In on-speed operation, all the oil happens through the filter. With the obstructed filter, the oil, by effect of the overpressure, overcomes the action of the wharf of the valve, opening the second conduit and creating a circuit of lubrication without filtrate possibility.

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Filtrate in derivation
It is made directly pass only one part of the volume of the oil through the filter, directing the other to the incline of lubrication of the motor.
The oil that happens through the filter goes directly to the case, with which all the oil reserve is leaked finally. All the oil does not filter at the moment at which it begins to lubricate the pieces.

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Types of oil filter
As filter element is used a porous textile matter had in form accordion or waved, to increase the surface of retention of impurities and to oppose minor resistance to the passage of the oil.

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Depending if the filter element is replaceable, the filters can be:

Filter with replaceable cartridge.
Filter monoblock
Centrifugal filter
Filter with replaceable cartridge
Very used in the diesel engines, the filter element is replaced, and although the substitution process is more laborious, is economic.
The envelope or outer housing stays and it is not necessary to exchange again it.

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Filter monoblock
It is used in the gasoline motors. The filter element and its metallic covering form a single set, with which everything of a single time is replaced. They are of easy positioning and usually they go spiral to a lateral support of the motor block.
When exchanging again it precaution will be had with tightens, since it takes a rubber meeting and easily they are possible to be deformed.

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Centrifugal filter
Some diesel engines, mainly in motors of great piston displacements, require a filtrate more perfect than those of gasoline (due to the fine coal produced in the combustion and that happens to the case through the high reached compression).
The oil pressure rotates to the revolving set up to 5000 rpm. The centrifugal force impels to particles against the inner wall, being adhered to a filter paper. The clean oil leaves by. In certain glasses, the metallic particles are retained by a magnet.

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Refrigeration of the oil
At the present time the used oils are of great quality and varying little their viscosity with the temperature. It agrees to maintain his viscosity within optimal limits of operation so that it can exert perfectly his cooling action in the lubricated elements and avoid that, by excess of heat, the oil loses its characteristics.
In order to obtain the correct refrigeration two systems are used:
or Refrigeration by the own inferior case of the motor.
or Refrigeration by oil radiator.
Refrigeration of the case
They use all the vehicles. It consists of causing that the air affects the case, that will be of great surface and small thickness (normally constructed of printed steel plate or aluminum). The case of lubrication by dry case the air affects the oil tank and the case. Therefore, the effectiveness of this refrigeration will be based on the surface of the case, the thickness and the material used in its construction and of the exhibition that it has to the air of the march, according to if the motor goes placed longitudinal or cross-sectionally.

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As the temperature in the case can be observed is the one of power setting, approximately 80º C.
Refrigeration by oil radiator

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It is a complementary system of the refrigeration by case, very used in the motors air cooled and motors of high number of revolutions, that work in more severe conditions. The operating temperature of the oil is much greater, reason why it resorts to the use of one more a more effective refrigeration, to maintain the characteristics of the oil.
This system consists of using a radiator. Around its interior the oil of the motor will circulate. The oil is sent by the pump to the radiator, where it cools off and it continues towards the lubrication points. This radiator has a thermal valve that it prevents the entrance to the radiator, when the oil does not have the operating temperature. In the 0, it indicates the situation of the radiator and the complete circuit of lubrication with all his elements.
Ventilation of the lubrication system
Ventilation of the case
During the operation of the motor and the times of compression, explosion and escapes, happen, through the segments, small amounts of fuel without burning, water steam and other residual products of the combustion.
These steam dilute and produce the decomposition of the oil, losing quickly their lubricant characteristics or properties. In addition to these steam, the oil produces another series of steam coming from its oxidation due to the high temperatures of the motor.
All these steam (combustible, water steam and oil) also produce overpressures in the low part of the motor, reason why becomes necessary to remove it outside the case according to they are taken place.
The regulations of the fight anti-pollution force the constructors not to send steam of oil to the atmosphere.
Two systems of ventilation exist although at the present time one of them, the closed ventilation is used.
These systems are:
or open Ventilation.
or closed Ventilation.
Open ventilation
This system is prohibited because it throws to the atmosphere gases coming from the combustion, contaminating it. This system consists of placing a tube, that communicates the interior of the motor with the atmosphere.

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Closed ventilation
This system is obligatory in all the present motors. It consists of which the tube that comes from the case does not give to the atmosphere but the induction manifold, remaining gases inside the cylinders.
This carbureted mixture (steam, air and fuel) that enters the cylinders, contributes to that the gasoline is less detonating and, on the other hand, the oily fog lubricates the high parts of the cylinder that so little is of oil and in so hard conditions it works.

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Characteristics of oils
For the good operation of the motor and the other sets of the vehicle, the suitable oil has to be used, is to say that that has certain physical and chemical characteristics, that respond to the particular conditions of the different sets.
In these studies we are going away to refer to oils used in the motors, of one more a form more specific than in oils for the rest of the sets that constitute the vehicle.
The oils used in the motors, at the moment, are of mineral origin obtained by means of distillation by emptiness of gross petroleum. Later they receive additives and treatments that confer specific properties to them.
The present tendency is to the synthetic oil use, created in laboratories, in which power their lubricant characteristics, duration and minor maintenance, although are more expensive.
An oil, to respond to the exigencies of a motor, has to consider itself under the following points of view:
or Pressure between the pieces of the friction.
or Means of oil distribution.
or Regime of rotation of the motor.
or Operating temperature.
or Conditions of use of the motor.
The characteristics of oils are:
or Viscosity. It is the resistance that opposes the oil when flowing by a conduit. Viscosity is moderate using a table (S.A.E.), that indicates the viscosity index.
or Adhesion. It is the capacity that has oils to adhere to the surfaces.
or Degree of acidity. It is the percentage of acids that contains the oil. This degree has to be very low to avoid corrosions and it does not have to exceed 003%.
or ash Degree. It is the percentage of ashes of the oil and it does not have to exceed 002%.
or Persistence of chemical agents. It is the capacity that has oils to remain unalterable with time to the oxidation and the decomposition.
or Point of freezing. It is the temperature to which it solidifies an oil.
or Flash point. It is the temperature to which the gases or steam of the oil become inflamed.
or Detergencia. It is the effect that has an oil to drag and to maintain in the surface remainders and posos.

Designation of oils
By viscosity
The oils are classified by their index of viscosity from 10 to 70, according to norms SAE. From degree 80 and up to 120 they are called valvulina (used in gear boxes). An oil of index 70 is very viscous and one of index 10, very flowed.
At the moment, the oil use is very frequent multidegrees. This is because in winter the oils become thick, reason why it will interest to us that the oil is fluid. However in summer the oil becomes fluid more, reason why it interests to us that he is viscous. These oils multidegrees present/display two degrees or indices of viscosity, for example: 10 SAE W-40. , it indicates to Us that the oil will behave like one of viscosity 10 (very flowed) in winter and like one of viscosity 40 (semiviscous) in summer. The W (to winter = winter in English) indicates an oil a little more fluid than other than does not take it (SAE10-40).
By types of qualities
or regular Oil: purified normal oil, without chemical additives. Its viscosity varies with the temperature and it oxidizes.
or Oil premium: it is regular oil with chemical additives in inferior proportion to 5%. It is mixed with vegetal oils.
or detergent Oil (HD): anticorrosive, antirust and detergent.
or Oil multidegree: already mentioned.
or Oil to graphite or molybdenum: adapted for the running of the motors, due to the properties of these materials (under friction coefficient).
By conditions on watch
Norm A.P.I.
They are the norms of the American Institute of Petroleum.
or Conditions on watch for gasoline motors (identifier “S”).
or moderate Conditions SA, Averages SD and Hard SCT.
or Conditions on watch for diesel engines (identifier “C”).
or moderate Conditions CA, Hard Averages CC and CD.
The second letter, after the identifier, indicates the quality of the oil and the service of work that can support and whose conditions on watch would be: moderate, average and hard.
Norm C.C.M.C. (Committee of Constructors of the Common Market)
It is another classification of qualities of oil, that include/understand three series:
or gasoline Motors: G1 - G2 - G3 - G4 - G5.
or Diesel engines of tourism: PD1 - PD2.
or Diesel engines: D1 - D2 - D3 - D4 - D5.
According to it is increasing the number, it also increases to the quality of the oil, being those of greater quality and resistance to hard conditions on watch (supercharged engines) the oils of the number “4″ and “5″.
Norm A.C.E.A. (Association of European Constructors of Automobiles)
It uses the following nomenclature:
First it puts a letter:
or gasoline Motors: A.
or Diesel engines of tourism: B
or Diesel engines of heavy: E
To continuation it details a number:
or old Motors: 1 (basic quality)
or Motors of small and medium power: 2 (quality to standar)
or Motors of great power: 3 (superior quality)
Finally it indicates the year of installation or revision of the Norm.
For example: ACEA A298/B298. Oil for gasoline vehicle or diesel engine of not much power, quality to standar, and for normal or slightly severe services.
Maintenance
As general norm the instructions of the manual of the vehicle are due to follow indicated by the manufacturer.
Next norms occur that can complement or replace in some case the given ones by the manufacturer.
Verification of the oil level in the case
The oil consumption in the motors is made, generally, by the oil passage between the segments, burning itself in the interior of the cylinder. Consumption limit is considered the loss of 1 liter each 2000 km.
The motors have a rod level of oil. It is located in a lateral one of the motor and when extracting it marks are observed maximum and minimum level indicators.

This measurement will be made with motor cold and land in horizontal. If we needed to add oil to be the level below the minimum, we will use oils of the same characteristics and if possible of the same mark, although this last one is not indispensable condition; and not having to never surpass the mark of the maximum or to be below the minimum.
An excess of level can produce, in addition to blue smoke, fine coal in the combustion chamber.
Oil change
The ventilation and filtrate of the oil are not enough to prevent that this one is losing its qualities little by little.
The oil change must be made:
or Always with the stopped motor.
or the motor must be hot.
or the vehicle placed On guard horizontal.
or Opening the drained cork of located in the inferior part of the case.
or Extracting the rod level of oil of its lodging.
or Changing the washer.
or Filling it by the orifice or cover of balance beams.
This change will become based on the kilometers crossed by the vehicle, the station of the year and routes around which it is circulated, adapting to the book of instructions of the vehicle or when the oil loses its characteristics.

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Change of the oil filter
Due to the amount of impurities retained by the oil filter, this it could get to obturate itself, being necessary his substitution before this happens.
The following norms of change of filter can be used:
or To use the same filter (references).
or To tighten taking care of the meeting and its seat.
or In the gasoline motors, a change of filter by each two oil changes of the case. In the diesel engines, by each oil change, like general norm, to change the oil filter.
If oils are used that by their characteristics, the changes are made after many kilometers (oil synthetic), the change of filter will be made at the same time that the oil change.

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outer?Limpieza of the case
The case is the place where the oil cools off, reason why the outer surface of this case must be free of fats and mud, to favor the evacuation of the heat.