Cars and Tuning

The suspension has as its mission the deficiencies of the land does not reach the vehicle body or do so as diminished as possible. To this end, between the wheels and chassis, it puts an elastic binding elastic that cause deformation of the vehicle with the weight and inertia of the same or lowered to rise as a result of irregularities in the pavement…

SUSPENSION OF CAR

Indeed, if the wheels up or down as a result of irregularities in the field, the elastic must absorb these irregularities to the rise or decline of the body as possible. In addition brusquedades are avoided by the action of the shock absorbers.
We call suspension set of elements that stand between elastic bodies suspended and not suspended. There are other things buffer mission, as are the tires and seats. The elements of the suspension should be sufficiently resistant and resilient to withstand the loads to which they are subjected to occur without permanent deformation or breaks, and also so that the vehicle does not lose adhesion to the ground.
Elements of the suspension system

The key elements in any suspension are:

– Muellles.
– Dampers.
– Stabilizing Bar.
• Springs
These are placed between the frame and as close to the wheels, which directly reflects the irregularities of the terrain, absorbiéndolas in the form of deformation. They must have good elastic properties and absorb the mechanical energy, avoiding distortions undefined.
When due to a charge or an irregularity of the ground deforms the pier, and stops the action that produces distortion, the pier will tend to oscillate, creating a balancing on the vehicle to be to reduce through dampers.
The springs can be:
Or Ballestas.
Or helical springs.
Or torsion bar.
Ballestas

They are composed of a series of layers of steel resistant and elastic, of varying length, overlapping from lowest to highest, and the central subject of a pin called “bolt-cappuccino.” To keep sheets lined carry some clamps. The longest piece is called “teacher”. Ends at their ends in two curvaduras forming an eye for which, and through a silembloc rubber, are articulated in the frame. Through abarcones, are subject to the axis of the wheel. At one end is positioned a twin, which allows the longitudinal displacement of the leaves when the wheel take an obstacle and at the other end is fixed to the frame.
The siembloc (details of) consists of two plain steel among them intercala a rubber shirt.
If the crossbow is very flexible called soft, and, if not, tough, using one or the other depending on the weight to bear. The crossbows can be used as an element of the drive axle to the frame. To prevent dust or moisture, which can accumulate in the leaves, reaches “welding” each other preventing the slippage between them, and therefore flexibility, is used interlayer between leaf and leaf sheets of zinc, plastic or engrasarlas simply.
They have significantly curved shape and can be placed lengthwise or at the same time, this system was used in the wheel independent suspension, being necessary to place the twins in their extremes.

There balletas called “parabolic”, in which the leaves do not have the same section along its entire length. They are thicker in the middle than in the extremes. They are used in vehicles that bear much weight.
Helical springs
The helical spring is another means rubber in suspension (both rigid as independent). It can not be used as a push or lateral clamping, it is necessary to use push rods and fastening straps. With the variable diameter (represented on) has been shown to progressive flexibility also can be achieved with additional internal another pier. The flexibility of the spring will depend on the number of coils, spring diameter, thickness or diameter of the wire, and the characteristics of elastic material.
The ends of the coils are flat, in order to promote the coupling of the pier in their support. The compression springs receive efforts, but because of their willingness to work helical twist.

Torsion bar
The resistance that opposes the torsion bar steel, is an elastic, also used as an element of suspension.

The torsion bars are employed at present in independent rear suspensions on some models of vehicles. They are also employed in the front.
Its operation is based on whether a steel rod elastic is fixed at one end and the free end is put to a torque (turning), the bar was retorcerá, but once the effort will regain his form.
The effort applied should not exceed the limit of elasticity of the material of the bar to avoid permanent deformation. Its assembly can be done transverse or longitudinally. It may be square or cylindrical, the latter being the most common. His fixation is performed using a striped cube.
• Shock Absorbers
The elastic deformation, as a result of irregularities in the field, resulting in some swings in the whole picture. When disappears irregularity which produces deformation and, if not curbed oscillations would balance the whole body. That brake, in number and amplitude of the oscillations is achieved through shock absorbers. The shocks convert mechanical energy into heat energy in the spring, warming up a fluid contained within the damper to have to go through certain steps Straits. They can be plain or water, although it is now only used the latter. The water in turn can be rotating piston or telescopic, although all are based on the same basis. The most widespread is the telescopic.
The telescopic shock absorber consists of two concentric tubes (A and B); closed at its upper end by a gasket, through which passes a rod, which at its outer end ends in a ring by which joins the rack . The rod at its end inside, ending with a piston, with holes calibrated and sliding valves. The inner tube has been in the bottom two valves opposite effect. The outer tube at the bottom carries a ring by which joins the hub. A third tube, as a bell and fixed the rod, serves as a dust cover or stored.

We are three cameras, the two that divides the piston inside the cylinder, and the override, between the two cylinders.
Its operation is as follows: When the flexarse crossbow or compress the spring, low frame, and with it, the rod, compressing the liquid in the lower chamber, which is obliged to pass through the holes in the plunger to the upper chamber, but not all, because the rod took place, hence the addition of the liquid passes through the valve at the bottom of the cylinder inside the annular chamber. This step required of a liquid and another camera, slows oscillating movement, absorbing the action of crossbows and suspension springs.
When the barrier has gone, the frame strip Rod, the piston goes up and the liquid is forced to walk the same path, but on the contrary, inhibited by the action of valves, which slows the action rebound. The action of this buffer is two-way, which is termed “dual-purpose”.
Some dampers offer more difficult to expand that compressed, and are called simple (serving one-way).
The placement of telescopic shock absorbers is not vertical but something inclined, plus separate ends lower superiors to give more stability to the vehicle.
• Stabilizing Bar
By taking the curves fast the car is tilted toward the outside, bound by the centrifugal force. To curb the tendency to lean used stabilisers.
The stabilizers are made from a steel rod, (figs. folded in the form of open. For the center, joins the chassis by a few footholds on which you can rotate, for their extreme joins each of the lower arm of the trapezoid. The elasticity of the material comes to maintaining the three sides on the same plane. By taking a curve, one side gets more weight than the other, and tries to move closer to the wheel, the bar is torsiona this weight and the same effort is transmitted to the other arm, trying to keep both sides of the bodywork to the same distance from the wheels, thereby slowing the inclination to take the curves.

Types of suspension systems
All systems which are described below include some elements elastic (crossbows, coil springs, torsion bars or bellows tyres), shock absorbers and stabilizer bars. The different types of suspension can be:
– Suspension with rigid front axle.
– Suspension with rigid rear axle.
– Suspension independent front.
– Suspension independent rear.
– Systems air suspension.
– Systems hydropneumatic.

• Differences between the wheel independent suspension and axle rigid
The modern solution to the independent suspension vehicles has reached nearly all the cars, even the type of utility, and in many cases there are trucks making in their front axles. Although the system had been given countless solutions, all seeking the big advantages that brings and that highlights its importance, to lessen the effects of the weights is not suspended, which it can not dampen their movement by crossbows, which blows and swings it receives a wheel do not communicate with your partner shaft, and that contact with the ground is safer and more flexible suspension, so close without danger of breakage. All these advantages make a more comfortable way of the vehicle, his leadership safer and thus more security at high speeds.

The figure represents the behavior of a system of rigid axle suspension and one by independent wheels. The system is tilted axis rigid when the body encounters a highlight and the independent suspension chassis remains horizontal and vertical wheels because of the great flexibility with what they need the complement of powerful shock absorbers and some protective caps or rubber to limit the oscillations.
• Suspension with rigid front axle
Front suspension with crossbow

The front axle rigid crossbows is currently used in trucks. They are characterized by a few big movements and progressive. The interaction of the double effect shock absorbers, springs and stabilizer rubber holes provide excellent comfort, both in the vehicle charged as empty. The rear end of the twin jolts remove characteristic of conventional suspensions. The docks rubber hollow contribute to this when transporting heavy loads by bad roads, and also prevent twisting of the front axle in the heavy braking.
They are used in heavy vehicles crossbows dishes with a few leaves, as they bear higher weights.
Front suspension with pneumatic bellows
The air suspension used in trucks are used bellows nylon reinforced with rubber. They are highly resistant to oil, chemicals and mechanical wear.

The bellows are mounted between a necklace is in the metal frame and a piston, which remains in its place (front axle) bound by a bolt guide. The movements of the suspension gave the bellows, comprimiéndose air inside, providing a back increases on an ongoing basis, which makes the movement of the suspension are smooth and regular.
The bellows are a spring rubber that prevents movements are exceeded, allowing further driving the vehicle, a short stretch in cases that are pinchara a bellows. These can be changed quickly and easily by the driver or in the laboratory, without the need for special tools.
In the 2 represents the system of bellows subject to air, shock absorbers and stabilizer.

• Suspension with rigid rear axle
Suspension back with crossbows

The rear suspension has two crossbows on each side. It is characterized by a progressive, because the active length decreases with increasing load, which makes the crossbow becomes harder. These crossbows are easy to enhance and repair. The rear axle is guided by skates on the side of the chassis and a subject in the link anchor front.
Suspension rear with pneumatic bellows. Volvo System
The figure represents the air suspension with alzable axis.

It has a propeller shaft with twin wheels and axle bearing wheels simple, and elevator. A valve sensitive to the burden automatically regulates the ground clearance.
The propeller shaft is completely suspended through four bellows air and the axle carrier (alzable) with two. In addition brings shock absorbers and stabilizer bars.
• Independent Front Suspension
System crossbows front

The independent suspension with transverse crossbow, it is perhaps the oldest, and there were multiple applications. The crossbow is fixed to the body at its midpoint and its extreme form partner with arms triangular support for the pivots-manguetas, bearing wheels.
Among the pivotal point and fixed point in the frame, attaches a telescopic hydraulic shock absorber.
System trapeze articulated by front and coil springs

The suspension shows a typical trapeze articulated. The arm is attached to two mangueta trapezes (A and B) formed by some arms, which are linked to the rack. The arm rests below the pier and was a damper.
The other end of the spring and shock absorber support and unite, respectively, at the same frame. The weight and irregularities made to swing their arms, compressing the spring and the oscillations being absorbed by the same shock.
Front suspension Mac Pherson

It is a system widely used today. Here the pier rests on the bottom of the shock and bodywork, without upper arms. It has a single arm, strapping diagonally and telescopic support at each front wheel.
The mangueta part of the bottom half of the telescopic support. This support turns to do the right direction and joins the body through an elastic element. For a ball down what unites the lower arm.
At 8 represents the elements that comprise this set.

Front suspension by torsion bar
In this system, for the suspension of the front axle rods are mounted in parallel and longitudinal direction.

• Independent Rear Suspension
Rear Suspension by crossbow
It currently employs little cars. Joining the crossbow is mounted to the frame, in its central part with flanges, and the ends through the twin rear axle.

Suspension rear articulated by trapeze and helical springs
In front traction vehicles are often used as a general rule for the rear wheels based systems trapezes articulated and helical springs. They differ in front of the system articulated that, as these wheels have to always move in the same direction, one arm has a wider base near the wheel, in order to maintain the parallelism in the same, being subject to the body with straps Efforts to absorb the braking and acceleration.

Rear Suspension by torsion bars
To this suspension system are mounted on the rear axle torsion bars and parallel transverse direction, as shown schematically in Figure 22.

Suspension type rear Mac Pherson
This type of suspension, it takes only one arm, and the subject of tense telescopic support in each rear wheel coupled to the upper hub.
In the interior of the tube is coupled damper, and the pier is built on two cups, a solidarity pipe and the other supported by the body. This is a union elastic, as shown in the figure.
This system is mechanically very simple and, being light their moving parts, which helps to overcome the wheels irregularities in the ground without much variation in the angle formed with the same.
With this setup the body needs to be tougher at the points where the brackets are set telescopic, in order to absorb the efforts transmitted by the suspension.

Suspension dragged back with arms
The arms are mounted on pivots dragged forming a right angle to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle and connecting the wheels firmly in position, while allowing them to a movement up and down.
The entire differential is based on the chassis of the vehicle in the bodywork.

Rear Suspension arm semi-dragged
It is a system derived from the above, in which the axes of the pivots or oscillations, forming a particular angle to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, not forming a right angle in the system forward. .

Special suspension systems
As special systems, will consider the following:
System conjugate: Hidrolastic and mechanical springs.
System hidroneumático.
Or pneumatic system.
• Systems conjugated
If the front suspension and rear communicate on the same side, it says that the system is combined. The main advantage is obtained by combining the suspension and front and back, is that they get a large reduction in the rocking of the vehicle, which maintains more level, which translates into greater comfort of the occupants. Two systems: Hydrolastic, operating hydraulic, and the system by union docks with mechanical controls.
System Hydrolastic

In this system, each of the wheels has a suspension unit which acts as a shock absorber and spring, are fixed to the frame and are linked through pipelines, the means of suspension on the same side. In the interior, and at one end, it takes a mass conical rubber played the effects of spring. The other end is fastened by diaphragms, which supports a piston connected to the arms of units suspension.

The camera which half is divided by a metal hood with a two-way valve double rubber. When the front wheel rises to save an obstacle, the diaphragm moves inward, pushing the liquid through the holes in the metal wall and the two-way valve, whose resistance is the dampening effect. The movement of the diaphragm reduces the volume of the chamber and the pressure increases, shifting part of the liquid hose connection. This makes the diaphragm on the other element is pushed outward bringing up the suspension.
The 7 represents when the wheel goes up as a result of a barrier, and 8, how it increases pressure on the arm of the other wheel on the same side and in turn force adherence.
System Union Spring
It consists of joining the arms front and rear of each side of the vehicle, a cylinder, inside which there is a spring. In each of the wheel there is a buffer against inertia.

9
• System hydropneumatic
This suspension is combined perfectly, the great flexibility and automatic correction of the height that keeps constant distance from the floor. It can shorten reaction wheels transmitted to the bodywork (comfort), maintaining constant contact forces of the wheels with the ground, and cushion, immediately, the tendency to jump wheels (road stability).
The hydropneumatic system that equips the models in the Citröen consists of two fluids: liquid and gas.
The pier classical mechanical (helical, slide or torsion bars) is here replaced by a mass of gas (nitrogen), locked in a steel sphere.

The body rests on tyres 4 blocks, whose function goes into action at the time of displacement of the four-wheel independent. The liquid is the element that ensures the union between gas and the mass of the moving parts of the axes: the arms of suspension.
The liquid can also compensate automatically using variations of its volume, changes in height of the vehicle (for example, which would be loading vehicle).
A mechanic manual command allows vary the height of the vehicle to facilitate clear obstacles or changing a wheel.
• Suspension pneumatic
The study of this system was done previously to develop independently, the front and rear air suspension.
Among the major advantages of air suspension should be included steadfastness of its features, which provide a smooth way regardless of whether the vehicle is loaded or empty. This reduces the damage of transport confers greater longevity on the chassis and improved comfort for the driver.

The air suspension system makes the vehicle more resilient. Thanks to the regulation manual level with great height lifting suit all cargo handling systems currently available in the market. This system gives excellent vehicle to the qualities and stability of extraordinary progress. For example, it prevents lean, if unevenly loaded. The adjustment of lighthouses and the distance to the ground is always kept constant. Thanks to this suspension can be raised or lowered the entire vehicle or only its rear end, according to the performance, to adapt to the level of the loading dock.